This abstract was posted in the ny-autism Yahoo Newsgroup
Subject: New Study: Thimerosal Neurotoxicity is Associated with
Glutathione Depletion
The Jill James paper on thimerosal neurotoxicity with glutathione
depletion has been published in the journal Neurotoxicology.
Abstract is provided below. Good paper.
Neurotoxicology
Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 1-8
*Thimerosal Neurotoxicity is Associated with Glutathione Depletion:
Protection with Glutathione Precursors * *S.J. James, William Slikker
III, Stepan Melnyk, Elizabeth New, Marta Pogribna and Stefanie
Jernigan *
^1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute,
Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
^2 Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for
Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
Received 24 May 2004; accepted 28 July 2004. Available online 29
September 2004.
Abstract
Thimerosol is an antiseptic containing 49.5% ethyl mercury that has
been used for years as a preservative in many infant vaccines and in
flu vaccines. Environmental methyl mercury has been shown to be
highly neurotoxic, especially to the developing brain. Because
mercury has a high affinity for thiol (sulfhydryl (single bondSH))
groups, the thiol-containing antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), provides
the major intracellular defense against mercury-induced neurotoxicity.
Cultured neuroblastoma cells were found to have lower levels of GSH
and increased sensitivity to thimerosol toxicity compared to
glioblastoma cells that have higher basal levels of intracellular GSH.
Thimerosal-induced cytotoxicity was associated with depletion of
intracellular GSH in both cell lines. Pretreatment with 100 /μ/M
glutathione ethyl ester or /N/-acetylcysteine (NAC), but not methionine,
resulted in a significant increase in intracellular GSH in both cell
types. Further, pretreatment of the cells with glutathione ethyl ester
or NAC prevented cytotoxicity with exposure to 15 /μ/M Thimerosal.
Although Thimerosal has been recently removed from most children's
vaccines, it is still present in flu vaccines given to pregnant women,
the elderly, and to children in developing countries. The potential
protective effect of GSH or NAC against mercury toxicity warrants further
research as possible adjunct therapy to individuals still receiving
Thimerosal-containing vaccinations.