Rutgers University: Electronic Publication and Tenure

Technical questions about format and Web site location of this document may be addressed to Peter Graham, at the time of Rutgers University Libraries (now at Syracuse; see end of page). Hotlinks have been provided within this HTML file (please note that already some links are changed or obsolete) The text is also available with no hotlinks as a PDF file.

Office of Vice President for Academic Affairs

Donald R. Kelley (History), Chair
Peter S. Graham (Libraries), Acting Chair
George F. Farris (Org. Management)
Gordon J. Schochet (Political Science)
David H. Vanderbilt (Physics)
Marlie P. Wasserman (University Press)
Marcia L. Whicker (Public Administration)
Robert F. Cooney (Academic Affairs Liaison)

REPORT

of the Committee on

ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AND TENURE

Appendices

The Committee found both at Rutgers and nationally a primary concern for quality control in scholarship as manifested by peer review, and an indifference to format (electronic or print) as long as the quality is evident and the contribution is widely accessible now and over time. The Committee found that electronic publishing raises issues for promotion and tenure that supplement, and do not replace, those that have been present all along for print materials.

The Committee regards electronic dissemination as having all the capabilities to be as legitimate a form of publication as print. We urge a focus on content and quality review processes rather than on medium or format, and we suggest flexibility and common sense in interpreting the value of new publication modes.

1. Electronic publication should be considered to be an appropriate means of scholarly, artistic and professional communication, as are other means of presentation such as print and performance.

2. The content of electronic publication should be evaluated within the traditions and habits of each discipline as publication traditionally has been in other media.

3. For purposes of appointment and promotion, the annual Academic Reappointment / Promotion Instructions should be modified to reflect recommendations 1 and 2, and the forms and instructions describing candidates' work should allow for electronic categories to be included.

4. In due course the permanent availability of a scholarly work in substantively unchanged content should be a consideration in its evaluation, but this can not yet be insisted on.

5. The use of electronic technologies and publication for teaching and service is also appropriate.

6. These recommendations should be periodically reviewed to assess their usefulness and the changed technological environment.

I. Introduction

In January, 1996 the Vice President for Academic Affairs asked a committee of faculty to look at the issues surrounding electronic publishing and tenure, and specifically to "provide specific recommendations...for a University policy on electronic publishing to guide the practices of departmental, unit and University appointment and promotion committees." The committee met in the spring and fall of 1996 (see Appendix IV for its charge and composition), and in the spring of 1997 provides this report.

II. Context and Environment

The existence of electronic publishing is now familiar to scholars in all disciplines and is integral to the work of many (see bibliography, Bailey). The entire corpus of ancient Greek literature is now available in electronic form, and much of the business of theoretical high-energy physics is conducted electronically. The Association for Computing Machinery, as one might expect, is preparing to make all its publications available electronically; Rutgers is now the home of an electronic journal in econometrics; and the Society for Music Theory has begun their online journal. [Note 1] It is difficult to find a discipline in which there does not exist some form of electronic publishing with ambitions of scholarly stature.

Scholarly publishers have been providing electronic versions of their print journals for several years, and are experimenting with journals that only exist in electronic form (as some independent scholarly groups have been doing since the early 1990s).

Electronic publishing takes many forms, some which mimic the familiar forms of print and some which break new ground. Early Modern Literary Studies is a peer-reviewed electronic journal which if converted to paper looks indistinguishable from a print counterpart, while Journal of Interactive Media Education provides information that would be difficult or impossible to reduce to the printed page. Many new publications take advantage of one or another form of hypertext linkage to allow quick jumping to related information sources, whether through networked browser capabilities on the World Wide Web or proprietary hyperlinks from various vendors.

For the purposes of this report, several broad distinctions should be made among forms of electronic information when compared with print:

1. Networked or physical distribution: a networked publication is one available on the Internet, which means it is accessible to users from any other networked location at any time, though perhaps subject to usage restrictions such as subscription pricing or membership in a particular university community. A physical electronic publication is available only at specific locations that are not interconnected; most often at present this is through CD-ROM publication, which allows use at a single workstation or at times over a limited local area network. CD-ROMs, floppy disks, and similar publications on a specific medium that is physically distributed offer many similarities to the print environment. Networked distribution changes the paradigm in important ways. Most of the following discussion will deal with networked electronic information except where physical distribution is specifically included.

2. Unique or supplemental electronic publication: a uniquely electronic publication is issued on its own without regard to a companion print version. A supplemental electronic publication replicates, in whole or in part, a print publication (which most often has had a history prior to the electronic version). As electronic publication matures this distinction becomes less clear, for electronic versions often include material not available in the print version (e.g. Eos ). In addition, for some journals the electronic publication has become primary, with print continued only to satisfy certain smaller market needs (e.g. Chemical Abstracts , which produces a print version primarily for academic markets which cannot afford electronic access).

3. Journal or book publication: Electronic scholarly communication has favored the journal over the book or monograph. In fact, it favors the article, and there is a continuing discussion on whether electronic journals will survive in the face of other individual-article distribution means. At present, however, the publication of lengthy single texts on the network is less common than is the publication of articles, usually now in association with a journal-like structure. This is particularly true of scholarly texts, where there are some examples of electronic versions of printed books but almost no examples of book-length works available only in electronic form.

The potential for scholarly publication in new electronic modes is not easily predicted, by this committee or anyone else (a telling example is the rapid and unexpected emergence of the World Wide Web as a distribution medium, within only about a year from 1993 to 1994, once a graphical browser was introduced). Thus the forms of publication described above are meant to be examples of those known to us at this time. We expect future modes of electronic publication to come into usage; we recommend that judgments of their effectiveness and appropriateness for promotion and tenure, and for scholarly discourse, be within the general guidelines described below.

Very few firm predictions exist about the future of electronic scholarly publication, except that there will be more of it. The publishers, both commercial and scholarly-society, are known to be unsure of their future and are aggressively taking steps to assure that they have one. Some scholars predict the demise of the journal and the rise of other article-distribution mechanisms, but there is not yet consensus on this idea. It seems clear that disciplines vary in their use and expectations of electronic scholarly publishing (see below), with physics, classics and computing clearly ready to use it for many purposes while art history, for example, has yet to find a way it can be more than marginally useful.

Predictions of near-term total dependence on electronic publishing are probably unfounded, and appear to come from advocates rather than from students of scholarly communication. The "hybrid environment" of both print and electronic publication is likely to be the context for today's academicians throughout their working lives, for there are likely to be scholarly discussions furthered best by one means or the other for some time. In addition, academic change is notoriously slow and habits formed in graduate school are likely to be persistent throughout professional life.

Recently a committee of the American Association of Universities (AAU) and the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) examined the probable use of scientific, technical and medical (STM) academic literature over the next few decades. This committee predicts that even by the year 2020, well into the next century, only 50% of the STM literature will be in electronic form, and some of that only replicating the print version.[Note 2] Even in the subject areas most congenial to technological innovation, apparently, there may not be lightning change.

Thus this Committee believes that for the near future electronic publishing raises issues for promotion and tenure that supplement, and do not replace, those that have been present all along for print materials. Committees reviewing academic credentials of candidates will for some years, in most fields, find electronic publication a part of a candidate's portfolio but seldom the predominant part. That this is presently true at Rutgers is borne out by interviews conducted with a number of departmental administrators this year (see below). While the University needs to accommodate electronic publication in its promotion and review processes, it is unlikely that these processes are facing imminent radical change.

What are other institutions doing, in particular our peers? In 1995 the University's Office of Academic Affairs conducted a brief survey of the public members of the AAU. All but one had no formal policy on the role of electronic publications in tenure review, though most responded that the quality control and peer review were important issues. The one institution that reported a formal action with respect to electronic information (U. of Arizona) specifically allowed them to be included in a candidate's dossier and specifically asked whether or not the publications were peer reviewed.

In late 1996 the Committee issued another request for information under the auspices of the Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), a consortium of major academic institutions in the United States. Once again the responses indicated the existence of few formal policies but a general sense both that the issue needed to be dealt with and that the matter of quality control was paramount.

In our inquiries we asked our own members and others we interviewed whether the academic and professional associations of which we are members had adopted formal stances with respect to electronic publication and tenure. We found no cases of such policies. The Association of American University Presses (of which the Rutgers University Press is a member) has addressed the matter in issuing a statement explicitly assuring authors and readers that "established principles of selection, peer-review and editorial refinement" will continue to be in force for electronic as well as print publications of their membership (see Appendix).

1. Present promotion and tenure requirements: Like most universities Rutgers considers teaching, scholarship and service in its decisions on promotion and tenure for teaching faculty. Electronic publishing is potentially relevant to all three categories, but especially to scholarship. Scholarship is categorized further by type of publication (or performance accomplishment), e.g. books, chapters, refereed and non-refereed journal articles, works accepted for publication, conference presentations, and works in progress. Most departments emphasize the rigor of the peer review process in assessing the quality of the candidate's publications.

2. Interviews with Rutgers departmental leaders: In the fall term of 1996 the Committee conducted interviews with departmental chairs or leaders in nine departments: three sciences, four humanities and two social science disciplines.[Note 3] In the interviews we did not volunteer any conclusions we had reached or the content of other interviews until well into the discussion so as not to prejudice the respondent's initial comments. Our inquiry was primarily in terms of scholarship but teaching and service issues were often part of the discussions.

We found a considerable convergence of responses: for example, with one exception, none of them knew of a candidate coming forward for which electronic publication was even an issue. In addition, in no case was the respondent aware that their professional association had taken any stance on the matter whatever.

In every case the departmental respondent volunteered that the critical issue ("the bottom line", "the sine qua non", "the fundamental issue") was peer review ("the quality of the review process", "the caliber of the system of refereeing", "how vigorous is the editorial process"). In several cases the respondent volunteered that the medium of publication made no difference and should make no difference, assuming the quality control was in place. When asked specifically, the others agreed with this statement.

III. Issues Emerging from Committee Discussion

The issues raised by distinguished Rutgers faculty also had emerged from the Committee's discussions last spring when it began its work, along with several others:

Gaining assurance as to the high quality of scholarship intended to justify promotion and tenure soon became an issue to emphasize within our Committee. Much of our early discussions about how to assure quality led us to discuss the various modes of publication -- e-journals, web pages, electronic mail, newsgroup contributions, electronic preprints, and the like -- in terms of how they contributed to such assurance. It soon became evident that the issue was not the particular way the technology was implemented, but how the contribution's content was evaluated -- if at all -- by the author's peers in his or her profession.

It also became evident that different disciplines consider contributions in different ways using different assumptions. For example, where in one field preprints play an important role, in another field they do not exist or are not considered in the evaluation process. Similarly, in some disciplines electronic publication has hardly occurred and is unlikely to be considered important in the review process, whereas in other disciplines to ignore electronic work is to ignore the active life of the field.

Thus it became evident that in the matter of electronic publication, as in many other matters of scholarship, the judgment of qualified scholars in the field as to its relevance and quality was the most important judgment to be obtained about the work. Once reached, this conclusion was not surprising, and offered the likelihood that a simpler and more general statement of University policy would be wisest, rather than one that attempted to be too detailed.

Similarly, mechanisms now exist for evaluating the ability of a faculty member to teach. Innovations in use of technology are not by themselves an indicator of excellence in teaching, though they may indicate an openness to considering new and useful ideas. The specific uses a faculty member makes of technology in the classroom may lead him or her to develop improved methods of assisting students to learn, but the evaluation of the improvement may be made using techniques and tools presently available.

Indications of service contributions using networked and communication technologies seem easier to evaluate. Providing Web page resources, moderating electronic bulletin boards, and maintaining data bases of tools and information are new ways of aiding the profession and the University, and can often lead to providing information pathways to the public at large. Such activities are unquestionably services and should be encouraged and positively evaluated along with traditional means of serving the academic and public communities.

The significant new elements in electronic publication are the ease of distribution and the potential risk to information integrity.

The availability of a publication can be described in several ways. In the first place, as with print, the initial distribution has significance: just as manuscript distribution is different from widespread publication (and less of a contribution to the scholarly record), so local electronic distribution (e.g. on a single machine, or on an undocumented site) is more limited than network-wide availability.

Second, availability in the networked sense means that a work is accessible through indexes, catalog references or the links of referring electronic articles. It may also be a part of a reputable publication that itself has an electronic and professional presence on the net through such links. At a minimum a work must be accessible using the current webcrawler indexing tools. A work's accessibility through citation tools or library catalogs or through respected pointer pages increases its availability and is an indication of value beyond that perceived by the author.

Third is availability over time, or persistence. It is our view that within three to five years it will be desirable, if not essential, that electronic scholarly publications be permanent in nature. That is, electronic publications should be archived or archivable, their content should be protected from change whether by accident or design by anyone including the author, and they should remain accessible through widely-available means (this is not to disparage multiple versions, or editions, of a work; "version control" is not a difficult matter in the electronic environment).

Information integrity, sometimes referred to as authenticity, is one aspect of the archivability of an electronic work. It is essential to responsible scholarly discourse. For appointment and promotion reviews to be responsible and accountable -- and for scholarly discourse to continue on a firm and reliable foundation -- there must be assurance that the information that is the basis of the review will continue to be available in substantially the same form for lengthy periods. Technical means for assuring this have been proposed in the information and networking communities.

We do not believe it is practical to insist on the archival requirements at present, for the technologies are not yet sufficiently well developed. To require permanence at this time would have a dampening effect on electronic publication. Before long, however, it will be a necessity in order to ensure the credibility of the medium.

IV. Recommendations

Appendix I: Modes of Electronic Publication

The Table schematically shows the likely means and modes of electronic publication at the present time. "Means" are intended to describe the various publication techniques and media available; "Modes" describe various ways of organizing publication regardless of means. Many means and modes overlap each other in the real world. For example, means are overlapped in that ftp sites are now often accessible through WWW tools; and at present many publications are issued both in print and electronic forms.

Using the terminology of this table, some brief descriptions of various forms of electronic publication, with some examples, are provided below. Because of the focus of this report, the discussion is organized according to the modes of communication to which scholarship is so far accustomed.

(In the examples below, and elsewhere in this Report, the electronic version of this report will contain active links to Internet locations where appropriate.)

1. Conversations:

The free flow of dialogue and group conversation has always been important in scholarly work. The human interface is now supplemented by the virtual interface, at present through mechanisms such as electronic bulletin boards and real-time discussions (sometimes now associated with visual images of the speaker or a surrogate). Discussions of varying quality have long been held in hallways, living rooms, faculty offices and conference bars. They are still held there, and also in listservs and newsgroups, usually organized topically.

Sometimes these forums are moderated, that is, a list manager monitors contributions and has the ability to edit or delete them before they are distributed. List moderation exists in varying levels of formality ranging from simple deletion of erroneous messages to review by panels of submitted contributions. Electronic lists have memberships, sometimes completely open to all and sometimes controlled by a list moderator.

Newsgroups are not moderated nor are memberships restricted, leading typically to less focused discussions. "Chat" groups, including MOOs and MUDs, [Note 4] allowing real-time discussion in typed form, have varying levels of focus and have been used by teachers to create simulated classrooms for geographically distributed students.

The technology of electronic communication services of this type most easily effects textual communication, though images, sound and video can be transmitted and converted with varying degrees of difficulty.

2. Letters:

Scholars and students have long exchanged letters in lieu of face to face conversation. In most disciplines these have been formalized to some extent in published form. Letters of comment or argument have varying status in different journals. In a few fields the letter has become a formalized means of transmitting early discoveries or experimental results, with specific journals devoted to them (e.g. Physical Review Letters A ).

Letters of the less formal kind may now commonly be found electronically in newsgroups and listservs, more or less indistinguishably from the conversations described above. Letters of the more formal kind now appear in electronic versions of "letters" journals of the kind noted above.

3. Articles, papers and lectures; journals and proceedings:

Journals, conference proceedings and society proceedings have long printed articles, papers and lectures. Such relatively short works, devoted to a discrete topic, now appear electronically. Many electronic journals have come into being, as have collections of papers given at conferences.

Individual articles are now commonly presented in electronic form either "published" under sanction of an editorial body or simply by being made available by the author. The ease and speed with which articles can be made available electronically has led to several modes of distribution in addition to the traditional journal form: collections of electronic preprints, for example, and informal collections of articles at individual sites on the World Wide Web.

As in the print world, electronic journals and proceedings appear in varying modes of quality control, oversight and peer review. In addition, while some electronic journals are simply replicated editions of their print counterpart, others include supplementary materials not available in the print version and a few are wholly electronic with no print version available from the publisher.[Note 5] A very few of these use capabilities of the medium that would be impossible to duplicate in print, such as sound (for example, in music journals) or moving images (in chemistry or biology journals).

Most electronic journals in whatever mode now include at least some level of hypertext linking using features of the World Wide Web. Some are available from ftp sites, though now usually also replicated as WWW publications. A few journals still are distributed using distribution technologies such as moderated listservs. In the commercial world there are several CD-ROM disks marketed as full-texts of certain classes of journals (e.g. popular and trade computing journals); these replicate all or part of the ASCII text of journals but add no new information.

4. Books:

In spite of earlier worries by trade publishers, it is striking how few full contemporary books have been networked electronically from any source. One exception is Project Gutenberg, a collection of about 1000 text-only books keyed in by volunteers, but almost all the works are out of copyright and not generally of current scholarly interest in electronic form. The University of Virginia has announced plans to scan and publish page images of several hundred American first editions in the next few years for scholarly use; again, these are neither contemporary nor secondary scholarly works. The National Academy Press has made its printed publications available online (see Appendix II).

Where current electronic monographs exist, they are primarily on media rather than networked, and mostly on CD-ROM. A few companies have experimented with electronic trade or scholarly books on disk or CD-ROM. A number of presses have published electronic versions of printed reference works with varying degrees of success, almost always on disk or CD-ROM and seldom as networked publications. There exist a few multimedia projects published on CD-ROM or videodisk (e.g. the Perseus Project). These combine aspects of data bases (see below) with pedagogic tools and are mostly intended for teaching or self-learning, and are not scholarly contributions in their own right.

5. Data bases:

A new publication form emerging in the networked environment is the dynamic scholarly data base. Sometimes these consist of known materials newly organized for pedagogic purposes (e.g. The Rossetti Project , a hyper-archive of manuscript, print and image materials developed by Jerome McGann at the University of Virginia). In some fields discoveries are accumulated and made available to relevant potential users over time (e.g. the Human Genome Project ). In some other fields, information already known is being organized and presented in new ways in data bases that grow by accretion (e.g. Flybrain , a drosophila project) or by regular updates (the human body project).

Because these data bases can be updated in real-time and examined at any time by users, they have no immediate parallel in the print world. They however occupy significant time of scholars engaged in them and are of value to their users and to scholarship in general, thus making it likely that work on them will be presented as appropriate to appointment, promotion and tenure in some way.

Sometimes data bases are presented on disks as multimedia projects and are marketed much as are books (see above); again, these have so far been teaching tools rather than new scholarly work.

Appendix II: Examples of Electronic Publication

1. Conversations (listservs, electronic bulletin boards, newsgroups)

H-France: French History and Culture <URL:http://h-net.msu.edu/~france> ("The chief role of the moderators is to intercept inappropriate messages").

ExLibris , Discussion Group for Rare Books and Manuscript Librarians (mod. Everett Wilkie) <URL:http://www.princeton.edu/~ferguson/exlibrisinfo.html>.

2. Letters

Examples of informal letters are included in Conversations, above; two examples of "letters journals" are:

Applied Physics Letters Online * (American Institute of Physics) <URL:http://www.oclc.org/oclc/promo/ejo_list.htm#physics>.

Electronics Letters Online * (Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)) <URL:http://www.oclc.org/oclc/promo/ejo_list.htm#elo>.

3. Articles, papers and lectures; journals

Social Science Research Network (comprising Accounting Research Network, Economics Research Network, Financial Economics Network, Legal Scholarship Network), articles, journals and working papers distributed via e-mail. To subscribe, go to <URL:http://www.ssrn.com/>, or contact by email admin@ssrn.com.

Astrophysical Journal * (Published by The University of Chicago Press for The American Astronomical Society)<URL:http://www.aas.org/ApJ/apj.html>.

3. c. Journals -- replicating print versions and adding supplementary information

Eos Electronic Supplement * : American Geophysical Union's online supplement to the Union's weekly newspaper ("This Eos electronic supplement provides more information about subjects that appear in the printed version of Eos. The supplement is a fully integrated part of Eos and is fully archived and referenceable. The high peer-review and editorial standards for which Eos is known also apply to the material in the supplement.") <URL:http://www.agu.org/eos_elec>.

Gene-COMBIS <URL:http://www1.elsevier.nl/journals/genecombis/Menu.html>; this electronic version of the journal Gene "may include hypertext links to programs, datasets, and other software objects," e.g. the gene sequence databanks.

Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics * (Society for Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics and MIT Press; edited at Rutgers) <http://mitpress.mit.edu/SNDE/WWW/journal/index.html>.

Psycoloquy * (American Psychological Association; ed. Stephen Harnad) <URL:http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/psyc.html>.

Sociological Research Online * (in March, 1997 at its fifth issue): <URL:http://kennedy.soc.surrey.ac.uk/socresonline/archive.html>.

3. f. Journals -- providing distinctly electronic features and not replicated nor reproduceable in print

CLIC * (UK Electronic Libraries Programme) <URL:http://chemcomm.clic.ac.uk/>; an enhanced version of Chemical Communications ; "The CLIC Project aims to deliver electronic journal information in chemistry in a way not possible with the printed version."

EVAX [a literature and arts ejournal] <URL:http://nmd.purdyswharf.com/evax/evaxdir.htm>.

Frontiers in Bioscience * <URL:http://www.bioscience.org/>; contains "regular" papers, some data bases; multimedia submissions are invited.

Journal of Digital Information * (JoDI)<URL:http://journals.ecs.soton.ac.uk/jodi/>; (British Computer Society); to be launched 1997 "to be a forum for articles which couldn't appear in print."

Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music * <URL:http:///www.sscm.harvard.edu/jscm/v1no1.html>, a publication of the Society for Seventeeth-Century Music; see especially the article by Sally A. Stanford, "A Comparison of French and Italian Singing in the Seventeenth Century."

Protein Science * (Cambridge University Press) <URL:http://www.prosci.uci.edu/>.

Science ,* "Ligand Binding," Science Beyond the Printed Page [a demonstration by Science of dynamic publishing] <URL:http://www.aaas.org/science/Grubmuller.htm>.

4. Monographs (books)

There are almost no examples of electronic-only monographs. One exception is the following, though it is not networked:

Yamashita, Hiroshi, A Comprehensive Concordance to the Faerie Queene 1590 , comp. by Hiroshi Yamashita et al. Tokyo: Kenyusha, 1990. xiv+1216pp.; two floppy disks with text.

Stanford University Press , in collaboration with Stanford University Libraries, plans a publishing project to develop scholarly books on Latin America on the Internet in a project funded at $500,000 by the A.W. Mellon Foundation (announced 1996).

National Academy Press : has scanned several hundred NAP books and made them available at no cost online <URL:http://www2.nap.edu/htbin/home/>. These are of course not electronic-only, but electronic surrogates.

5. Data bases

Flybrain <URL:http://flybrain.neurobio.arizona.edu>; "has no printed forerunner and will not have any printed editions....does already present a wealth of interactive data like VRML and JAVA assisted anatomical data....the whole structure is mostly nonlinearly organized."

Human Genome Project <URL:http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/home.html>.

The Rossetti Project <URL:http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/public/jjm2f/imagebase.html>.

Thesaurus Linguae Graecae . "The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) is an electronic data bank of ancient Greek literature from Homer (8th century B.C.) to 600 A.D. with historiographical, lexicographical and scholiastic texts from the period between 600 and 1453 A.D. The TLG project is located at the University of California, Irvine." <URL:http://www.uci.edu:80/~tlg/>.

The Tree of Life : A distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity <URL:http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html>.

6. For Web resources to identify academic electronic journals and other publications: see

Appendix III: Statement of Association

Statement of the Association of American University Presses Regarding Electronic Publications (Feb. 27, 1995).

The members of the Association of American University Presses aver that the established principles of selection, peer-review, and editorial refinement will be applied to university press publications via electronic media no less than to conventional print products. These are among the steps that distinguish publication from the service activity of transmission. Adherence to these procedures is a condition of Association membership.

Academic authorities looking to the scholarly production of faculty members for guidance in tenure, promotion and salary reviews may rely on the university press imprimatur in respect to their electronic publications.

APPENDIX IV Charge and Membership

Footnotes:

Note 2. Reports of the AAU Task Forces, Association of American Universities Research Libraries Project (Association of Research Libraries: Washington, DC, 1994), p. 63. [Return to text.]

Note 3. The departments included: Art History, Classics, Computing Science, Economics, English, History, Mathematics, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sociology. [Return to text.]

Note 4. MOO = Multiple Object Oriented environment; MUD = Multiple User Dimension. [Return to text.]

Note 5. The Committee sees the first of these, print-replicating journals, as presenting no new issues with respect to promotion and tenure. The other two forms raise new potential issues. [Return to text.]

Peter S. Graham, University Librarian, Syracuse University Library, 222 Waverly Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13244-2010; (315)443-5530; fax (315) 443-2060; e-mail to psgraham@syr.edu. Go to SU Library or PG's personal home page.

Last updated June 12, 1997, to correct typographical errors

During the summer of 1977 the Report was adopted by the University and is now implemented in standard University promotion forms and procedures. --pg 18 Nov. 1997.