Fall 2007

REL 611
The Idea of Scripture

Tuesdays 12:30-3:15 p.m. in HL 504

Instructor: JIM WATTS (Ph.D.)
Office: 505 HL; Phone: 443-5713
E-mail: jwwatts

Displaying Torah ScrollScripture window
Quran monument, UAEEgyptian Pappyrus of Ani

This seminar will explore the various forms and uses of scripture in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, starting with the idea of scripture in modern cultures and tracing it back through early modern, medieval and late antique cultures. The seminar will end by exploring the religious, literary, and political factors that affected the development and canonization of scripture in ancient Judaism and early Christianity, and shaped the idea of authoritative scripture in all three Western religious traditions.

Course Requirements:
Students are expected to discuss in class all the required readings (listed below after Assignment) and as much additional literature (listed as Background) necessary to understand the developments under discussion.  In addition, each student will (1) prepare and present a report on one additional book or set of essays (listed after Report), and (2) write a substantive and original research paper on a subject related to the course topic, presenting the class with a preliminary summary during the last class meetings. The finished research papers are due on or before May13th. The students work will be evaluated on the basis of class participation (20%), the oral and written book report (20%), the research presentation (10%) and the final research paper (50%). Late papers and reports will not be eligible for "A" grades.

Required Texts:
John Barton, Holy Writings, Sacred Text: Canon in Early Christianity (Westminster John Knox, 1997)
Brian Malley, How the Bible Works: An Anthropological Study of Evangelical Biblicism (AltaMira, 2004)
Moshe Halbertal, People of the Book: Canon, Meaning, and Authority (Harvard, 1997)
John F.A. Sawyer, Sacred Languages and Sacred Texts (Routledge, 1999)
Jack Goody, The Power of the Written Tradition (Smithsonian, 2000)

The assigned articles, except those hotlinked to this syllabus and/or marked by a minus (-), are available electronically through Blackboard or on paper in the black binder in the Religion Department lounge. Most books, including the required texts, are also available on reserve in Bird Library (marked by * in the bibliography). For further resources relevant to the topic of this course, consult the Supplementary readings, the other articles in the collections cited below and also the annotated bibliography in Canonization and Decanonization 435-506.

Topics and Readings (for full citations, see bibliography below):

Day Topic Texts:
Aug 30 Introductions
Sep 6 Scripture in the Modern World

Assignment: Malley, How the Bible Works (all)
Hill, “Charles Augustus Briggs, Modernism and the Rise”
Report: Gold, Making the Bible Modern

Sep 13 The Texts of Scriptures

Assignment: Sheppard, “Canon”
Halbertal, People of the Book 1-10
Hettema, “The Canon: Authority and Fascination”
J.Z. Smith, “Sacred Persistence”
J.Z. Smith, “Canons, Catalogues and Classics” 
W.C. Smith, "The Study of Religion and the Study of the Bible"
Greenberg, “On the Political Use of the Bible in Modern Israel”
Background: - Neil, “Criticism and Theological Use,”CHB 3:238-293
Report: W.C. Smith, What Is Scripture?
Kling, The Bible in History

Sep 20 The Performance of Scriptures

Assignment: Denny, “Recitation of the Quran” 
- “Keriat Hatorah - Reading of the Law”
Gold, Making the Bible Modern 10-24
Halbertal, People of the Book 129-34
Yoo, "Public Scripture Reading Rituals"
Graham, "Conclusion," Beyond the Written Word
Wimbush, “TEXTureS, Gestures, Power.”
Report: Graham, Beyond the Written Word
Wimbush, The Bible and the American Myth

Sep 27

The Iconicity of Scriptures

Assignment: “Orthodox Torah Students Win Israeli Draft Exemption”
Marty, “America's Iconic Book”
Krause-Loner, “The Book of Shadows”
- Watts, “Ten Commandments Monuments
Watts, "Three Dimensions of Scriptures"
Browse The Iconic Books Blog
Report: - Legendre, “La totémisation de la société"

Oct 4 Reformation, Early Modernity,
and Postmodernity
Assignment: Malley, "Bible in British Folklore"
Greenspahn, "Biblical Scholars"
Kugel, "The Bible in the University,"
Levenson, "Theological Consensus or Historicist Evasion?"
- Browse The Journal of Philosophy & Scripture
Pasulka, "Premodern Scriptures in Postmodern Times"
Background: -
Bainton, "Bible in the Reformation," CHB 3:1-37
-Crehan, "Bible in the Roman Catholic Church," CHB 3:199-237
Report: - Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative
Supplementary: - Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible
Oct 11 Medieval Canons

Assignment: Goering, “Introduction to Medieval Christian Biblical Interpretation”
Walfish, “Introduction to Medieval Jewish Biblical Interpretation”
McAuliffe, “Introduction to Medieval Interpretation of the Qur’an”
Al-Azmeh, “The Muslim Canon"
Halbertal, People of the Book 90-128, 137-144
Borg, “Canon and Social Control”
Heyman, "Canon Law"
Morey, Book and Verse 1-8
Pulcini, Exegesis as Polemical Discourse 13-56
Kessler, "The Book as Icon"
Parmenter, "The Iconic Book"
Background: -
Dijk, "Bible in Liturgical Use," CHB 2:220-251
-Articles under "Vernacular Scriptures," CHB 2:338-491
Report: - Morey, Book and Verse
Supplementary: - Wheeler, Applying the Canon in Islam

Oct 18 No class; attend Ray Smith
Symposium on Iconic Books

Assignment: Arnold, "Black Elk"
Brown, Lindisfarne Gospels, 66-83.
Green, "Scripture in Classical Judaism"
Kinnard, "Buddhist Bibliolaters"
Morgan, Sacred Gaze, chap. 2
Rapp, "Holy Texts"

Oct 27 Late Antiquity: Christianity

Assignment: - Luke 1-2; 2 Timothy 3:14-17
Barton, Holy Writings, Sacred Text (all)
Childs, “The Problem of the Christian Bible”
Miller, "Words with an Alien Voice"
Humfress, "Judging by the Book"
Van der Horst, "Sortes: Sacred Books ..."
Background: *Spatharakis, “Early Christian Illustrated Gospel” 
*Dael, “Biblical Cycles on Church Walls”
-Lamb, "...Bible in the Liturgy," CHB 1:563-586
Report: - Klingshirn & Safran, The Early Christian Book
Supplementary: - Campenhausen, Formation 

Nov 1 Late Antiquity: Judaism Assignment: Mishnah Berakhot 1:1-4; 4:1-7
Halbertal, People of the Book 45-89
Alexander, "Homer, the Prophet..."
- 2 Maccabees 7
Rutgers, "Importance of Scripture" 287-303
Zevit, “The Second-Third Century Canonization"
Background: -Vermes, "Bible and Midrash," CHB 1:199-231
Supplementary: - Neusner & Green, Writing with Scripture
Due: Paper topics and texts
Nov 8 Hellenism and
Second Temple Judaism
Assignment: Halbertal, People of the Book 11-44
Sawyer, Sacred Languages and Sacred Texts (all)
Waldron, "From Performance to Casket Copy"
Miller, "In Praise of Nonsense"
Oxtoby, "`Telling in Their Own Tongue'"
Letter of Aristeas
Background: * Roberts, "Books in the Greaco-Roman," CHB 1:48-66
Nov 15 Ancient Canons Assignment: Foster, tr., "Pious Scholar"
Rothberg-Halton, "Canonicity in Cuneiform Texts"?
Kooij, "The Canonization of Ancient Books"
Lang, "The 'Writings': A Hellenistic Literary Canon"
Ulrich, "The Bible in the Making"
Lust, "Quotation formulae and Canon in Qumran"
Goody, Written Tradition (all)
Carr, Tablet of the Heart, 3-14
Supplementary:
- Davies, Scribes and Schools
Due: Paper thesis, bibliography and outline
Nov 22 Thanksgiving Break
No Class

If in San Diego for AAR/SBL, check out:
S17-25 Rethinking the Concept and Categories of 'Bible' in Antiquity, 17th 9 am
S17-53 Bible in Ancient & Modern Media, 17th 1 pm
S17-74 Scripture As Artifact, 17th 1 pm, 18th 1 pm
A17-223/S17-75 Signifying (on) Scriptures, 17th 1 pm
S17-81 Use, Influence & Impact of the Bible, 17th 1 pm, 18th 9 am
S18-54 Bible and Visual Art, 18th 1 pm, 18th 4 pm
A20-102 Buddhism: "The Material Culture of Buddhist Life Writing," 20th 9 am

Nov 29 Ancient Scriptures

Assignment:
- Exodus 24, Deuteronomy 31; 2 Kings 22-23; Nehemiah 8
Levinson, Deuteronomy vii-viii, 3-22, 144-157
Toorn, “The Iconic Book"
Watts, "Rhetoric of Scripture"
Sarefield, "Symbolics of Book Burning"
W.C. Smith, "Scripture as Form and Concept"
Background: *Wiseman, "Books in the Ancient Near East" CHB 1:30-48
Supplementary: - Hallo, The Context of Scripture

Dec 6 Paper presentations

 

Dec 17 Research Papers Due  


Course Bibliography:

  • *The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and the Construction of Meaning (Macon: Mercer University Pres, 1999)
  • The Cambridge History of the Bible (CHB), 3 vols., eds P. R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans, S. L. Greenslade and G. W. H. Lampe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963, 1969, 1970) (available in Bird Library Reference section and in the stacks)
  • *Canonization and Decanonization, with An Annotated Bibliography by J. A. M. Snoek, eds. A. van der Kooij, K. van der Toorn (Leiden: Brill, 1998)
  • The Early Christian Book. Ed. William E. Klingshirn and Linda Safran (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 2007).
  • The Image and the Book: Iconic Cults, Aniconism and the Rise of Book Religion in Israel and the Ancient Near East, ed. K. van der Toorn (Louven: Peeters, 1997)
  • The Impact of Scripture on Early Christianity, ed. J. den Boeft & M. L. van Poll-van de Lisdonk (Leiden: Brill, 1999)
  • *The Use of Sacred Books in the Ancient World, ed. L.V. Rutgers et al (Leuven: Peeters, 1998)
  • *With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, ed. J. D. McAuliffe, B. D. Walfish, and J. W. Goering (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
  • Akenson, Donald Harmon. Surpassing Wonder: The Invention of the Bible and the Talmuds (Chicago, 1998).
  • *Al-Azmeh, A. “The Muslim Canon from Late Antiquity to the Era of Modernism” in Canonization and Decanonization 191-228.
  • *Alexander, Philip S. "`Homer the Prophet of All' and 'Moses our Teacher': Late Antique Exegesis of the Homeric Epics and of the Torah of Moses," in Use of Sacred Books 127-142.
  • Alter, Robert. Canon and Creativity: Modern Writing and the Authority of Scripture (New Haven: Yale, 2000).
  • Bainton, Roland H. "The Bible in the Reformation," CHB 3:1-37.
  • *Barton, John. Holy Writings, Sacred Text: the Canon in Early Christianity (Louisville: WJK, 1997)
  • Brown, Michelle P. The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality and the Scribe (London: British Library, 2003).
  • Biderman, Shlomo. Scripture and Knowledge: An Essay on Religious Epistemology (Leiden: Brill, 1995)
  • *Borg, M.B. ter. “Canon and Social Control”,  in Canonization and Decanonization 411-423.
  • Campenhausen, Hans von. The Formation of the Christian Bible (tr. J. A. Baker, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1972)
  • Carr, David M. Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature(New York: Oxford, 2005).
  • Childs, Brevard S. “The Problem of the Christian Bible” in Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments: Theological Reflection on the Christian Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992), pp. 55-69
  • Clines, David J.A. The Bible and the Modern World (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997)
  • Cornelius, Izak.  "The Many Faces of God: Divine Images and Symbols in Ancient Near Eastern Religions," in The Image and the Book 21-43.
  • Coward, Harold. Sacred Word and Sacred Text: Scripture in World Religions (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1988)
  • Coward, Harold. Experiencing Scripture in World Religions (Maryknoll: Orbis, 2000).
  • Crehan, F.J. "The Bible in the Roman Catholic Church from Trent to the Present Day," CHB 3:199-237.
  • Dael, P.C.J. van. “Biblical Cycles on Church Walls: Pro Lectione Pictura,” in J. den Boeft & M. L. van Poll-van de Lisdonk (eds.),  The Impact of Scripture on Early Christianity 122-132.
  • Davies, Philip R. Scribes and Schools: The Canonization of the Hebrew Scriptures (Louisville: Westminster, 1998).
  • Denny, Frederick M. "Recitation of the Quran," Islam and the Muslim Community (San Francisco : Harper & Row, 1987), pp. 78-88.
  • Denny, Frederick and Rodney Taylor, eds. The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1985).
  • Depew, Mary. Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society (Cambridge: Harvard, 2000).
  • Dijk, S.J.P. "The Bible in Liturgical Use," CHB 2:220-251.
  • K. W. Folkert, “The ‘Canons’ of ‘Scripture’,” in M. Levering, ed., Rethinking Scripture: Essay from a Comparative Perspective (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989), 170-79.
  • Foster, Benjamin. Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature (Bethesda: CDL, 1993).
  • Frei, Hans. The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale, 1974).
  • Frei, Peter. "Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary," trans. by J.W. Watts, in Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2001), pp. 5-40.
  • *Goering, Joseph W. “An Introduction to Medieval Christian Biblical Interpretation,” in With Reverence for the Word, 197-203.
  • Gold, Penny Shine. Making the Bible Modern: Children's Bibles and Jewish Education in Twentieth-Century America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004.
  • Goody, Jack. The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society (Cambridge, 1986).
  • Goody, Jack. The Power of the Written Tradition (Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2000).
  • Graham, William A. Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
  • Green, William Scott. “Scripture in Classical Judaism.” In The Encyclopedia of Judaism. Ed. J. Neusner, S. Peck and W. S. Green. New York: Continuum/Leiden: Brill, 1999. 1302-1309.
  • Greenberg, Moshe. "On the Political Use of the Bible in Modern Israel: An Engaged Critique," in D. P. Wright et al (eds.), Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies ... in Honor of Jacob Milgrom (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1995), pp. 461-471.
  • Greenspahn, Frederick E. "Biblical Scholars, Medieval and Modern," in J. Neusner et al (eds.), Judaic Perspectives on Ancient Israel (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987), pp. 245-258.
  • Griffiths, Paul J. Religious Reading: the place of reading in the practice of religion (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1999)
  • Gutjahr, Paul. An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777-1880 (New Haven: Yale, 1999)
  • * Halbertal, Moshe. People of the Book: Canon, Meaning, and Authority (Harvard, 1997)
  • Hallo, W.W.  The Context of Scripture. Vol. 1: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (Leiden: Brill, 1997)
  • Harrisville, Roy A. & Walter Sundberg. The Bible in Modern Culture: Baruch Spinoza to Brevard Childs (2nd ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001).
  • Hays, Richard, and Ellen Davis, eds. The Art of Reading Scripture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003).
  • *Hettema, Th. L. “The Canon: Authority and Fascination” in Canonization and Decanonization 391-398.
  • Heyman, George. "Canon Law and the Canon of Scripture." Postscripts 2 (2007) forthcoming.
  • *Hill, Doug. "Charles Augustus Briggs, Modernism, and the Rise of Biblical Scholarship in Nineteenth-Century America," in V.L. Wimbush (ed.), The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and the Construction of Meaning (Macon: Mercer University Pres, 1999), pp. 71-104.
  • * Horst, Pieter W. van der. "Sortes: Sacred Books as Instant Oracles in Late Antiquity" in Use of Sacred Books 143-173.
  • Humfress, Caroline. “Judging by the Book: Christian Codices and Late Antique Legal Culture.” In Early Christian Book, 141-158.
  • Jaffee, Martin S. Torah in the Mouth: Writing and Oral Tradition in Palestinian Judaism 200 BCE-400 CE (New York: Oxford, 2000).
  • Kessler, Herbert L. "The Book as Icon." In In the Beginning: Bibles Before the Year 1000. Ed. Michelle P. Brown. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2006. 77-103, 222-244.
  • Kinnard, Jacob N. “On Buddhist ‘Bibliolaters’: Representing and Worshiping the Book in Medieval Indian Buddhism.” The Eastern Buddhist 34/2 (2002) 94-116, and plates 1 and 2.
  • Kling, David W. The Bible in History: How the Texts have Shaped the Times. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
  • *Kooij, A. van der. "The Canonization of Ancient Books Kept in the Temple of Jerusalem," in Canonization and Decanonization 17-40.
  • Krause-Loner, Shawn. “Be-Witching Scripture: The Book of Shadows as Scripture within Wicca/Neo-Pagan Witchcraft.” Postscripts 2 (2007) forthcoming.
  • Kugel, James L. The Bible As It Was. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1997.
  • Kugel, James L. "The Bible in the University," in W. H. Propp et al (eds.), The Hebrew Bible and Its Interpreters (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 143-165.
  • Lamb, J.A. "The Place of the Bible in the Liturgy," CHB 1:563-586.
  • Lambert, W. G. "Ancestors, Authors, and Canonicity," Journal of Cuneiform Studies 11 (1951), pp. 1-14.
  • *Lang, B. "The 'Writings': A Hellenistic Literary Canon in the Hebrew Bible," in Canonization and Decanonization 41-65.
  • Legendre, P. “La totémisation de la société: Remarques sur les montages canoniques et la question du sujet,” in Canonization and Decanonization 425-433.
  • Leipoldt, Johannes and Siegfried Morens. Heilige Schriften: Betrachtungen zur Religionsgeschichte der antiken Mittelmeerwelt. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1953.
  • Levenson, Jon D. "Theological Consensus or Historicist Evasion? Jews and Christians in Biblical Studies," in R. Brooks & J. J. Collins (eds.), Hebrew Bible or Old Testament: Studying the Bible in Judaism and Christianity (U. of Notre Dame, 1990), pp. 109-145.
  • Levinson, Bernard. Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation (Oxford, 1997)
  • Lieberman, Stephen J.  "Canonical and Official Cuneiform Texts: Towards an Understanding of Assurbanipal's Personal Tablet Collection," in Tsvi Abusch et al (eds.), Lingering over Words: Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William J. Moran (HSM 37; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990), pp. 305-336.
  • Lowden, John. “The Word Made Visible: The Exterior of the Early Christian Book as Visual Argument.” In Early Christian Book, .
  • *Lust, J.L. “Quotation Formulae and Canon in Qumran”  in Canonization and Decanonization (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 67-77.
  • *Malley, Brian. How the Bible Works: An Anthropological Study of Evangelical Biblicism (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 2004).
  • Malley, Brian. “What is ‘the Bible’? Analysis of a Text Concept.” In Timothy Light and Brian Wilson (eds.), Religion as a Human Capacity. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
  • Malley, Brian. “The Bible in British folklore.” Postscripts 2 (2007) forthcoming.
  • Marty, Martin. “America's Iconic Book,” in Humanizing America's Iconic Book (ed. Gene M. Tucker and Douglas A. Knight; Chico: Scholars Press, 1982), 1-23.
  • Marty, Martin. “Scripturality: The Bible as Icon in the Republic,” chapter 7 in Religion and Republic: The American Circumstance (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987), 140-65.
  • *McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. “An Introduction to Medieval Interpretation of the Qur’an,” in With Reverence for the Word, 311-19.
  • Miller, Patricia Cox. "In Praise of Nonsense." In A. H. Armstrong, ed. Classical Mediterranean Spirituality (New York: Crossroad, 1986), 481-505; repr. in Miller, The Poetry of Thought in Late Antiquity (Burlington: Ashgate, 2001), 221-245.
  • Miller, Patricia Cox. "Words with an Alien Voice: Gnostics, Scripture, and Canon." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 57 (1989) 459-483; repr. in Miller, The Poetry of Thought in Late Antiquity (Burlington: Ashgate, 2001), 247-270.
  • Morgan, David. Visual Piety: A History and Theory of Popular Religious Images. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1998.
  • Morgan, David, ed. Icons of American Protestantism: the Art of Warner Sallman. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. 43-120.
  • Morgan, David. The Sacred Gaze: Religious Visual Culture in Theory and Practice. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 48-74.
  • Morey, James. Book and Verse: A Guide to Middle English Biblical Literature (Urbana: U. of Illinois, 2000).
  • Neil, W. "Criticism and Theological Use of the Bible, 1700-1950," CHB 3:238-293.
  • Nöldecke, Theodor. Geschichte des Qorans, Leipzig, 1909-1938.
  • Neusner, Jacob & William Scott Green, Writing with Scripture: the Authority and Uses of the Hebrew Bible in the Torah of Formative Judaism, Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989.
  • Oxtoby, Willard G. "`Telling in Their Own Tongues': Old and Modern Bible Translations as Expressions of Ethnic Cultural Identity," in W. Beuken & S. Freyne, The Bible As Cultural Heritage (London: SCM, 1995), pp. 24-35.
  • Parmenter, Dorina Miller. “The Iconic Book: The Image of the Bible in Early Christian Rituals.” Postscripts 2 (2007) forthcoming.
  • Pasulka, Diana Walsh. The Aesthetics of Nostalgia: The Return of the Real in Postmodern Christian Discourse. Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse University, 2003.
  • Pasulka, Diana Walsh. "Premodern Scriptures in Postmodern Times." Postscripts 2 (2007).
  • Phy, Allene Stuart. "The Bible and American Popular Culture: an Overview and Introduction," in The Bible and Popular Culture in America (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), pp. 1-23.
  • Pulcini, Theodore. Exegesis as Polemical Discourse: Ibn Hazm on Jewish and Christian Scriptures (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998.
  • Rapp, Claudia. “Holy Texts, Holy Men and Holy Scribes: Aspects of Scriptural Holiness in Late Antiquity.” In Early Christian Book, 194-222.
  • Reventlow, Henning Graf. The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World (tr. J. Bowden, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984)
  • Roberts, C.H. "Books in the Greaco-Roman World and in the New Testament," CHB 1:48-66.
  • Rosenthal, Erwin I.J. "The Study of the Bible in Medieval Judaism," CHB 2:252-279.
  • Rothberg-Halton, Francesca "Canonicity in Cuneiform Texts," Journal of Cuneiform Studies 36 (1984) 127-144.
  • *Rutgers, Leonard V. "The Importance of Scripture in the Conflict between Jews and Christians: The Example of Antioch," in Use of Sacred Books 287-303.
  • Sarefield, Daniel. "The Symbolics of Book Burning: The Establishment of a Christian Ritual of Persecution." In Early Christian Book, 159-73.
  • *Sawyer, John F.A. Sacred Languages and Sacred Texts (London: Routledge, 1999)
  • Sheppard, Gerald T. “Canon”, in M. Eliade, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1987.  3:62-69.
  • Smalley, B. "The Bible in the Medieval Schools," CHB 2:197-219.
  • Smith, D. Moody "When did the Gospels become Scripture?" Journal of Biblical Literature 119 (2000) 3-20.
  • *Smith, Jonathan Z “Canons, catalogues and classics,” in Canonization and decanonization (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 295-311.
  • Smith, Jonathan Z. "Sacred Persistence: Toward a Redescription of Canon," in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 36-52.
  • Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. What is Scripture? (London, 1993).
  • Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. "Scripture as Form and Concept: Their Emergence for the Western World," in Rethinking Scripture: Essays from a Comparative Perspective (ed. M. Levering; Albany: SUNY Press, 1989), pp. 29-57.
  • Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. "The Study of Religion and the Study of the Bible," in Rethinking Scripture: Essays from a Comparative Perspective (ed. M. Levering; Albany: SUNY Press, 1989), pp. 18-28.
  • Snyder, H. Gregory. Teachers and Texts in the Ancient World: Philosophers, Jews and Christians (London: Routledge, 2000).
  • Spatharakis, I. “Early Christian Illustrated Gospel Books from the East,” The Impact of Scripture on Early Christianity (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 102-121.
  • *Sweetman, Robert. “Beryl Smalley, Thomas of Cantimpré, and the Performative Reading of Scripture.” In With Reverence for the Word, pp. 256-275.
  • *Toorn, Karel van der. “The Iconic Book: Analogies Between the Babylonian Cult of Images and the Veneration of the Torah,” in The Image and the Book 229-248
  • Trobisch, David. The First Edition of the New Testament (New York: Oxford, 2000)
  • Ulrich, E. "The Bible in the Making: the Scriptures at Qumran," in The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), pp. 17-33.
  • Ulrich, E. "The Canonical Process, Textual Criticism, and Latter Stages in the Composition of the Bible," "Sha`Arei Talmon": Studies in the Bible, Qumran and the Ancient Near East Presented to Shemaryahu Talmon (eds M. Fishbane and E. Tov; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1992), pp. 267-91.
  • Veltri, G. Libraries, Translations, and 'Canonic' Texts. The Septuagint, Aquila and Ben Sira in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism, 109. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
  • Vermes, G. "Bible and Midrash: Early Old Testament Exegesis," CHB 1:199-231.
  • Walfish, Barry D. “An Introduction to Medieval Jewish Biblical Interpretation,” in With Reverence for the Word, 3-12.
  • Waldron, Cordell. "From Performance to Casket Copy: Comparing the Homeric Epics with the Tanakh as Scriptures." Postscripts 2/2 (2007),
  • Watts, James W.  Reading Law: The Rhetorical Shaping of the Pentateuch (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999).
  • Watts, James W. "Ritual Legitimacy and Scriptural Authority," Journal of Biblical Literature 124/3 (2005): 401-417 = "Rhetoric of Scripture," Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus (New York: Cambridge, 2007), 193-217.
  • Watts, James W. “Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts,” Journal of Religion & Society 6 (2004), online.
  • Watts, James W. “The Three Dimensions of Scriptures,” Postscripts 2/2 (2007),
  • Wheeler, Brannon. Applying the Canon in Islam: the Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Hanafi Scholarship (New York: SUNY Press, 1996)
  • Wimbush, Vincent L. “TEXTureS, Gestures, Power: Orientation to Radical Excavation.” Theorizing Scriptures: New Critical Orientations to a Cultural Phenomenon, ed. V. L. Wimbush. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, forthcoming.
  • Wimbush, Vincent L. (ed.), The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and the Construction of Meaning (Macon: Mercer University Pres, 1999)
  • Wiseman, D.J. "Books in the Ancient Near East and in the Old Testament," CHB 1:30-48
  • Yoo, Yohan. "Public Scripture Reading Rituals in Early Korean Protestantism
    A Comparative Perspective." Postscripts 2/2 (2007),
  • Zevit, Ziony. “The Second-Third Century Canonization of the Hebrew Bible and Its Influence on Christian Canonizing” in Canonization and Decanonization (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 133-160.

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