Information Resources for Information Professionals
Digital Divide and Libraries: Equity and the Internet
Compiled by:
Joe Ryan
This is a working bibliography compiled in conjunction with a Florida State University
IMLS and ALA Washington sponsored study, Public Libraries and the Internet: Impact on the Digital Divide
.
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Table of Contents
See also: State Library Administered Technology Planning and Funding.
Guides
See also: State Library Administered Technology Planning and Funding.
- American Library Association. Office of Information Technology Policies. Digital divide.
- Boucher, Bob. Digital divide and NII.
- Center for the Study of Technology and Society. Equity.
- Chu, Clara M. (2000, February 26). Digital divide: Aselective bibliography.
- Finance Project. Digital divide.
- Google. Digital divide category.
- Hoffman, Donna & Novak, Thomas. Digital divide.
- National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). Digital divide web site and Federal Agencies' programs to close the digital divide.
- Siembab, Walter & O'Brien, Thomas. (1999, April). Digital broadband networks for economic development and mobility: A bricks and bits strategy for retrofitting cities. Journal of Municipal Telecommunications, 1 (1).
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). WAI reference list on web
accessibility.
- YAHOO. Digital divide.
General Interest
- Abrahams, Camille et al. (1998). Review in Resource Center for Cyberculture Studies of Battle, Stafford L. andHarris, Rey O. (1996). The African-American resource guide to the Internet. NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Anderson, R. H., et al. (1995). Universal access to e-mail: Feasibility and societal implications. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
- Anderson, Teresa E. & Melchior, Alan. (1995). Assessing Telecommunications technology as a tool for urban community building, Journal of Urban Technology, 3, (1).
- Baker, Paul M.A. (2001). Policy bridges for the digital divide: Assessing the landscape and gauging the dimensions. First Monday, 6 (5).
- Berger, Maurice. (1995, December). Race in cyberspace? Wired, 3.12.
- Bimber, Bruce . (2000, September). Measuring the gender gap on the Internet. Social Science Quarterly, 81 (3) 868-.
- Bishop, Ann Peterson; Bazzell, Imani; Mehra, Bharat & Smith, Cynthia. (2001, April). Afya: Social and digital technologies that reach across the digital divide. First Monday, 6 (4).
- Bishop, Ann P.; Tidline, Tonyia J.; Shoemaker, Susan; &Salela, Pamela. (1999). Public libraries and networked information services in low-income communities. Library & Information Science Research, 21(3), 361-390.
- Bolt, David & Crawford, Ray. (2000). Digital divide: Computers and our children¹s future. New York: LTV Books.
- Bowen, M. What it means to be Black in cyberspace.
- Center for Media Education. (1998). Deepening the digital divide: The war on
universal service.
- Consumer Federation of America. (1999, February). The digital divide confronts the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Economic reality versus public policy..
- Dutton, William. (1999). Society on the line: Information politics in the digital age. NY: Oxford University Press.
- Georgia Center for Advanced Telecommunications Technology (GCATT). (2000, November). A white paper on information and communication technologies in Georgia. Atlanta, Ga.: Georgia Center for Advanced Telecommunications Technology (GCATT).
- Hamman, Robin, et al. (1998, August 7). Digital third worlds. Cybersociology Magazine, Issue 3.
- Hargittai, Eszter. (2002, April). Second-level digital divide: Differences in people's online skills. First Monday 7 (4).
- Hoffman, Donna L. & Novak, Thomas P. (1999, May). Evolution of the digital divide.
- Hoffman, Donna L. & Novak, Thomas P. (1998, April 17). Bridging the digital divide: The impact of race on computer access and Internet use. Science. Also available via ERIC: ED421563.
- Lillie, Jonathan. (1998). Cultural uses of new, networked Internet information and communication technologies: Implications for US Latino identities. Masters thesis. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: School of Journalism and Mass Communications.
- Lillie, Jonathan. Possible roles for electronic community networks and participatory development strategies in access programs for poor neighborhoods.
- Link, Terry. Information technology - Unintended consequences.
- McClure, Charles R. & Bertot, John Carlo. Public library Internet services: Impacts on the digital divide. Washington DC: American Library Association. Office for Information Technology Policy.
- Moss, M. L. &Mitra, S. (1998, August). Net equity. Taub Urban Research Center.
- Nakamura, Lisa. Race in/for cyberspace: Identity tourism and racial passing on the Internet.
- National Research Council. (1997). More than screen deep: Toward every-citizen interfaces to the nation's information infrastructure. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
- Oguibe, Olu. (1996) Forsaken geographies: Cyberspace and the new world 'Other'. See also On digital 'Third worlds': An interview with Olu Oguibe.
- PolicyLink. (2001). Bridging the organizational divide: Toward a comprehensive approach to the digital divide.
- Schön, Donald A., Sanyal, Bish and Mitchell, William J. (Eds.). (1998). High technology and low-income communities: Prospects for the positive use of advanced information technology. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
- Schiller, Herbert. (1996). Information inequality: The deepening social crisis in America. NY: Routledge.
- Tal, Kalí. (1996, October). The unbearable whiteness of being: African American critical theory and cyberculture. A shorter version of this article was published in the October 1996 issue of WIRED Magazine.
- Towns, Steve. (2001, April). Access for all library patrons. Government Technology.
- U.S. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment. (1995). The technological shaping of metropolitan America (OTA-ETI-643). Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.
- What color is the
net?
- Wilhelm, Anthony. Buying into the computer age: A look at Hispanic families.
- Wilhelm, Anthony. (2000). Democracy in the digital age. NY: Routledge
- Wojcik, Tim. Access for all library patrons.
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Annie E. Casey Foundation
- Annie E. Casey Foundation. (Annual). Kids count data book. Baltimore: Annie E. Casey Foundation.
- Track the status of children in the United States by providing benchmarks of child well-being. Data often used to identify children most at risk.
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AOL Foundation
- AOL Foundation. Digital Divide Initiatives.
- AOL Foundation. PowerUp.
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Benton Foundation
- Benton Foundation & Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund. (2002, July). Bringing a nation online: The importance of federal leadership.
- Benton Foundation. Digital divide network and Universal service and universal access virtual library. Washington DC: Benton Foundation.
- Benton Foundation. (1998, June). Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age. Washington DC: Benton Foundation.
- Benton Foundation. (1996). Buildings, books, and bytes: Libraries and communities in the digital age. Washington DC: Benton Foundation.
- Cooper, Mark. Universal service: A historical perspective and policies for the 21st century. Washington, DC: Benton Foundation.
- Somerset-Ward, Richard. (2000). Connecting communities. Washington, DC: Benton Foundation.
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Children's Partnership
- Children's Partnership.
- Children's Partnership. Online content for low-income and underserved Americans: The Digital divide¹s new frontier.
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CIPA & Filtering
- American Library Association. CIPA.
- FCC. (2000). Advance telecommunications service report.
- By October 28, 2001, school districts must certify to the FCC that they are either in compliance or are: undertaking such actions, including any necessary procurement procedures, to comply with the requirements of CIPA for the next funding year, but have not completed all requirements of CIPA for this funding year. Compliance means: an Internet Safety Plan (policy), selection of a "technology protection measure," and a public hearing about the Internet Safety Plan.
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Community Technology Centers
- Community Access Program (CAP) of Canada.
Community Technology Centers Network (CTCNet)
- Community Technology Centers Network (CTCNet).
- Breeden, Laura; Cisler, Steve; Guilfoy, Vivian; Roberts, Michael & Stone, Antonia. (1998, December). Computer and communications use in low-income communities.
- Chow, Clifton; Ellis, Jan; Mark, June & Wise, Bart. (1998, July). Impact of CTCNet affiliates: Findings from a national survey of users of community technology centers.
- Mark, J., Cornebise, J., & Wahl, E. (1997, April). Community technology centers: Impact on individual participants and their communities. Newton, MA: Education Development Center, Inc.
- Penuel, William R.; Michalchik, Vera; Kim, Deborah & Shear, Linda. (2001). The organization of learning in community technology centers: Learning with technology in six communities. Center for Technology in Learning.
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OMB Watch
- OMB Watch. Community Technology Centers.
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U.S. Department of Commerce
- NTIA. Technology Opportunities Program (TOP) formerly TIIAP.
- NTIA. TOP. Research and evaluation.
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U.S. Department of Education
- Community Technology Center Program.
- Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE). 21st century community learning centers. Includes: an evaluation section
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U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Neighborhood networks and Neighborhood Networks.
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Connectivity Studies & Directories
- Bertot, John Carlo & McClure, Charles R. (2000). Public libraries and the Internet 2000: Summary findings and data tables. Washington, DC: U.S. National Commission on Libraries (NCLIS).
- Bertot, John Carlo; McClure, Charles R.; and Fletcher, Patricia Diamond. Moving toward more effective public Internet access: The 1998 national survey of public library outlet Internet connectivity (1998). [Also available from ERIC: ED429601, Policy issues & strategies affecting public libraries in the networked environment: moving beyond connectivity (1997)., 1997 National Survey of Public Libraries and the Internet: Summary Results (1997). and the 1996 National Survey of Public Libraries and the Internet: Summary Results (1996). [1996 study is available from ERIC: ED398932.]. Washington, DC: U.S. National Commission on Libraries (NCLIS).
- McClure, Charles R.; Bertot, John Carlo; and Beachboard, John C. (1995). Internet costs and cost models for public libraries: Final report. Washington, DC: National Commission on Libraries and Information Science.
- Bohesa, Inc. Public libraries in the United States.
- Center for Media Education & Center for Policy Alternatives. (1999, October). Universal service report card.
- Napoli, Don. SJCPL's Public library WWW servers database search form and Public library on WWW servers. St. Joseph County Public Library.
- National Library of Canada. Canadian library gateway.
- UK Public Libraries Page.
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Council of Chief State School Officers
- Council of Chief State School Officers. Telecommunications Act of 1996 implementation.
- Council of Chief State School Officers. (1999, April). E-rate survey of the states.
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Digital Content to Reduce the Digital Divide
- Children's Partnership. Online content for low-income and underserved Americans: The Digital divide¹s new frontier.
- OneNetNow.com.
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E-rate
- American Library Association. Office of Information Technology Policies. Universal Service E-Rate and its E-Rate task force page.
- Cisco. E-rate planning resources.
- Common Carrier Bureau. Universal Service Fund.
- Consortium for School Networking (CoSN). E-rate.
- Farallon Communications. E-rate resources.
- Fulton, David. (2000). E-rate: A resource guide for educators. Educational Media and Technology Yearbook. 25, 57-61.
- Fulton, David. E-rate: A resource guide for educators. ERIC Clearinghouse on Information and Technology Digests.
- Microsoft in Education. Understanding the e-rate.
- U.S. Department of Education. E-rate page.
- Universal Service Administrative Corporation (USAC).
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E-rate Evaluations
- Benton Foundation. E-rate in America: A tale of four cities.
- Education and Library Network Coalition (EdLiNC). E-rate: Keeping the promise to connect kids and communities to the future and (1999, March 30). E-rate 2000 survey form.
- Idaho State Library. (1999). E-rate funding statistics.
- Idaho State Library. (1999). E-rate savings make a huge difference in Sandpoint.
- Puma, Michael J.; Chaplin, Duncan D. & Pape, Andreas D. (2000). E-rate and the digital divide: A Preliminary analysis from the integrated studies of educational technology. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Available from ERIC: ED445671
- U.S. Department of Education. E-Rate in relation to American Indian-Serving Schools.
- U.S. Department of Education. Empowerment Zones and e-rate.
- U.S. Department of Education. (2000, September). E-rate and the digital divide.
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Education and Library Network Coalition (EdLiNC)
- Education and Library Network Coalition (EdLiNC). (2000, July). E-rate: Keeping the promise to connect kids and communities to the future and (1999, May). E-rate: Connecting kids and communities to the future. See also: (1999, March 30). E-rate 2000 survey form. See survey summary in Oder, Norman. (2000, August). E-rate works, says EdLiNC survey. Library Journal, 125 (13), 13.
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Education Week Articles
- Education Week. (2001, May 10). Technology counts 2001: The new divides, Technology counts 1999, Technology counts 1998, Technology counts 1997.
- Education Week. Digital divide section.
- Education Week. (2000, September 20). Global connections, local static: Gauging the E-rate's impact.
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Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
See also: Schools and Libraries Division (SLD)
- FCC. E-rate, High-speed Internet access, Rural initiatives, Schools and Libraries Division (SLD), Universal Service Home Page.
- FCC. (2000). Advance telecommunications service report.
FCC. (2001, April 30). Notice of Proposed Rulemaking [on e-rate fund use for internal wiring]
Listservs
- FCCsend. Send Announcement: ada-law@vm1.nodek.edu Subscribe: subscribe@info.fcc.gov Message: sub FCCsend
- FCCshare. Send Announcement: ada-law@vm1.nodek.edu Subscribe: subscribe@info.fcc.gov Message: sub FCCshare
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General Accounting Office (GAO)
- General Accounting Office. (2000, December 15). Schools and libraries program: Application and invoice review procedures need strengthening (GAO-01-105).
- United States General Accounting Office. (2001, February). Telecommunications characteristics and choices of Internet users: Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives (GAO-01-345).
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Hispanic
- Becht, Debbie; Taglang. Kevin & Wilhelm, Anthony. (1999, August 6). The digital divide and the US Hispanic population. Digital Beat, 1 (13).
- Toms Rivera Policy Institute (2002). Latinos and information technology: The promise and the challenge.
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International
- Digital Partners.
- Global Technology Services Company. Connectivity Grant Program.
- Kagan, Al. (1999). The growing gap between the information rich and the information poor, both within countries and between countries - A composite policy paper.
- Miller, Andie. (2001, October). Reaching across the divide: The challenges of using the Internet to bridge disparities in access to information. First Monday, 6 (1).
- Uimonen, Paula. (1998). The Internet as a tool for social development. Geneva, Switzerland : United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
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Listservs
- Benton Foundation. Digital Divide. Subscribe: listserv@cdinet.com Message: subscribe digitaldivide or Alternate way to subscribe or leave. Archives.
- FCCsend. Send Announcement: ada-law@vm1.nodek.edu Subscribe: subscribe@info.fcc.gov Message: sub FCCsend
- FCCshare. Send Announcement: ada-law@vm1.nodek.edu Subscribe: subscribe@info.fcc.gov Message: sub FCCshare
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Markle Foundation
- Markle Foundation.
- Birdsell, David S & Muzzio, Douglas. (1999, February). Universal service: U.S. baselines.
- Hoffman, Donna L. & Novak, Thomas P. (2000, June 8).The growing digital divide: Implications for an open research agenda.
- Lazarus, Wendy & Mora, Francisco. (2000, March).Online content for low-income and underserved Americans: The digital divide's new frontier.
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Miliken Family Foundation
- Miliken Family Foundation.
- Miliken Family Foundation. Impact of education technology on student achievement.
- Miliken Family Foundation. State technology financial model.
- Model for estimating the cost of implementing school technology in your state accounting for both initial and ongoing costs over four years.
- Lemke, Cheryl and Coughlin, Edward. (1998, July 2). Technology in American schools: Seven dimensions for gauging progress.
- Solmon, Lewis C. (1998, November 10). Progress of technology in the schools: Report on 21 states.
- Solmon, Lewis C. (1999, October 10). Results from a study of 27 States¹ district technology coordinators.
- Solmon, Lewis C. & Wiederhorn, Judith A. (2000). Progress of technology in the schools: Report on 27 states.
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Morino Institute
- Morino, Mario. (2000, October). Policy & philanthropy: Keys to closing the digital divide. Keynote address at the Networks for People conference, US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
- Morino Institute. From access to outcomes and pdf version.
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National Public Radio
- National Public Radio (NPR), Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, & Harvard University. Kennedy School of Government. (2000). Survey shows widespread enthusiasm for high technology.
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National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) See U.S. Department of Commerce NTIA
Native American
- Anderson, Rachel. (1999, October). Native Americans and the Digital Divide. The Digital Beat.
- Benton Foundation. (1999). Native networking: Telecommunications & information technology in Indian country.
- IMLS. Native American library services and Native Hawaiian library services.
- National Congress of American Indians. American Indians and the digital divide.
- U.S. Department of Commerce. Economic Development Administration. Assessment of technology infrastructure in native communities.
- U.S. Department of Education. E-Rate in relation to American Indian-Serving Schools.
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NetDay
- NetDay.
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Pew Charitable Trust
- Pew Internet and American Life Project. (2000, September 21). Who¹s not online.
- Pew Internet and American Life Project. (2001). Cities online: Urban development and the Internet.
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PluggedIn
- PluggedIn. East Palo Alto, CA
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Poverty Measures
- Gates Foundation. U.S. library program¹s determination of population served and poverty rates.
- "...describes the data, methodology, and history of the study used to generate service area population (SPOP) and service area poverty rates (SPOV) for each library building in the United States. SPOP is used to allocate computers according to the number of people being served by a particular library building."
- Gates Foundation. Library Program computer models.
- Gates Foundation. White paper on determination of population served and poverty rates for US public libraries.
- Northwestern University/University of Chicago. Joint Center for Poverty Research.
- U.S. Department of Commerce. Census Bureau. Poverty.
- Includes: How the Census Bureau measures poverty and Recent poverty measurement research.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Poverty guidelines.
- U.S. Office of Management and Budget. (1978, May). Statistical policy directive No. 14: Definition of poverty for statistical purposes.
- University of Wisconsin - Madison. Institute for Research on Poverty.
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PowerUp
- PowerUp.
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Public Broadcasting Service
- Public Broadcasting Service. Digital divide series
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Roper Institute
- Birdsell, D. S., Muzzio, D., Krane, D., & Cottreau, A. (1998). Web users are looking more like America. Public Perspective, 9 (3), 3335.
- Results from 15 telephone surveys of 15,000 people, 1995-1998 find that racial and gender differences have diminished considerably, but that education level, urbanicity, income level, and age still matter.
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Schools and Libraries Division (SLD)
See also: Federal Communications Commission
- Universal Service Administrative Corporation (USAC). Schools and Libraries Division (SLD), Sitemap and Funding commitments.
- On January 1, 1999, the Schools and Libraries Corporation (SLC) and Rural Health Care Corporation (RHCC) merged with the Universal Service Administrative Company (USAC). As a result, the RHCC and SLC became divisions of USAC, with new names -- the Rural Health Care Division (RHCD) and the Schools and Libraries Division (SLD).
- Schools and Library Division (SLD). Developing a technology plan, Technology planning policies and procedures, and Technology planning: Commonly asked questions and answers.
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Surveys of the Digital Divide
See also: Connectivity Studies & Directories and NTIA Falling Through The Net Reports
- Chow, Clifton, Ellis, Jan, Mark, Jan, and Wise, Bart. (1998, July). Impact of CTCnet affiliates: Findings from a national survey of users of community technology centers.
- Crandall, Robert W. (2001, Winter). Bridging the divide naturally. Brookings Review, 19 (1), 38.
- Curry, Ann. An analysis of Internet use in the public library.
- Used transactional log analysis (TLA) of data gathered from web server logs at the Burnaby (BC) Public Library in an attempt to discover just what patrons were using.
- Curry, Ann. What are public library customers viewing on the Internet: An analysis of Burnaby transaction logs.
- Re-do of the Burnaby (BC) Public Library study using a different sampling technique.
- Education and Library Network Coalition (EdLiNC). (2000, July). E-rate: Keeping the promise to connect kids and communities to the future and (1999, March 30). E-rate 2000 survey form. See survey summary in Oder, Norman. (2000, August). E-rate works, says EdLiNC survey. Library Journal, 125 (13), 13.
- Education Week. (2001, May 10). Technology counts 2001: The new divides, Technology counts 1999, Technology counts 1998, Technology counts 1997.
- Hindman, Douglas Blanks. (2000, Autumn).The rural-urban digital divide. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77 (3), 549-560.
- Hoffman, Donna L. & Novak, Thomas P. (1999, May). Evolution of the digital divide.
- Hoffman, Donna L. & Novak, Thomas P. (1998, April 17). Bridging the digital divide: The impact of race on computer access and Internet use. Science.
- Media Awareness Network. (2000, March). Canada's children in a wired world: The parents' View.
- Polled 1080 Canadian families to determine parents' views and opinions about the Internet.
- Media Metrix. (2000, August). Dollar divide: Demographic segmentation and web usage patterns by household income.
- National Association of Community Action Agencies (NACAA). Information technology for community action agencies and their low-income clients: Findings from a national survey: Executive summary, PDF version.
- Nua Internet Sureveys. (2001, April 4). Digital divide remains apparent in US.
- "While 60 percent of all US urban households have computers, only 52 percent of Hispanics and 48 percent of African Americans do, according to new research from the Citizenship Education Fund, which is led by the Rev. Jesse Jackson." (Press release).
- Pew Internet and American Life Project. (2000, September 21). Who¹s not online including: Daily Internet activities. A chart detailing the percentage of Internet users who do a specific online activity on any given day.
- "57% of those without Internet access say they do not plan to log on."
- Roberts, Jack. (2001, May). State-of-the-states survey: A classroom technology report card for all 50 states. T.H.E. Journal, 28 (10), 40, 42,44-46, 48, 50-52.
- Roper Institute. Web users are looking more like Americans.
- United States Internet Council & ITTA. State of the Internet 2000.
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Survey Instruments
- Northwest Regional Education Library (NWREL). Northwest Educational Technology Consortium. (1998). Closing the equity gap in technology access and use: A practical guide for K-12 educators.
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
- Telecommunications Act of 1996. P L 104-104, 110 Stat. 56.
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3COM
- 3COM. Urban challenge.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Rural Utilities Service (RUS).
- Research on Rural Telecommunications.
- Rural Task Force.
U.S. Department of Commerce
Economic Development Agency
- Economic Development Agency.
National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)
- U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). Digital divide web site.
- Historically Black colleges and universities: An assessment of networking and connectivity.
Falling Through The Net Reports
- U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (2002, February 5). A nation online: How Americans are expanding their use of the Internet.
- U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (2000, October). Falling through the net: Toward digital inclusion. See specifically: Table I-A Percent of U.S. households with a computer, by state, 2000, Table I-B. Percent of households with Internet access, by state: 2000.
- U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (1999, July 16). Americans in the information age falling through the net.
- U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (1999, July). Falling through the net: Defining the digital divide. Also available via ERIC: ED440200 .
- U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (1998, July 28). Falling through the net II: New data on the digital divide. Also available via ERIC: ED421968
- U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (1995, July). Falling through the net: A survey of the "have nots" in rural and urban America.
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Technology Opportunities Program
- NTIA. Technology Opportunities Program.
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U.S. Department of Education
- Community Technology Center Program.
- Description of the e-rate program.
- Really, access to the application forms.
- E-rate questions and answers.
- E-rate and the digital divide: A preliminary analysis from the integrated studies of educational technology report: PDF version, MS Word version.
- Preparing Tommorrow's Teachers. Digital Equity Task Force. Digital equity.
- (1997, June). Status report: An e-rate update from the U.S. Department of Education.
- Teachers' tools for the 21st century: A report on teachers' Use of technology.
- U.S. Department of Education. (2000, September). E-rate and the digital divide.
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Office of Educational Technology
- Office of Educational Technology. Digital divide.
- Office of Educational Technology. Tool kit for bridging the digital divide in your community.
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National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
- U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. (2001, January 22). Advanced Telecommunications in U.S. Private Schools: 1998-99. Washington, DC: NCES.
- U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. (2000, April 24). Teacher use of computers and the Internet in public schools. Washington, DC: NCES.
- U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. (1999). Internet access in public schools and classrooms: 1994-2000. NCES 99-017. Washington, DC: NCES.
- U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. (1998, June). State aid to libraries and library systems excluding aid for library construction FY 1996. From State Library Agencies FY 1996 Tables 23b and 23f (expenditures rounded to the nearest $1,000) as reported by Oregon State Library Office of Library Development.
- U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. (2001). Internet access in U.S. public schools 1994-2000. Washington, DC: NCES.
- U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. (2000, February 15). Internet Access in Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994-1998. Washington, DC: NCES.
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Health and Resources Services Administration
- Office of Family Assistance. Digital Divide Activities -- Use of TANF funds to provide access to the Internet
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U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Neighborhood networks and Neighborhood Networks.
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U.S. Department of Labor
- Employment and Training Administration.
- Corporation for National Service-Americorps.
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UCLA Center for Communication Policy
- UCLA Center for Communication Policy. (2000, November). UCLA Internet report: Surveying the digital future [pdf].
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University of Texas. Telecommunications and Information Policy Institute
- University of Texas. Telecommunications and Information Policy Institute.Digital divide research and community development project.
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Urban Institute
- Puma, Michael J.; Chaplin, Duncan D. & Pape, Andreas D. (2000). E-rate and the digital divide: A Preliminary analysis from the integrated studies of educational technology. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Available from ERIC: ED445671.
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